Trisna Setiawan

Negative – Either Neither, rarely, hardly, barely

Pengertian Negation

Negation adalah bentuk pernyataan negatif. Kita tahu betul bahwa untuk membentuk kalimat negatif ada beberapa cara, namun begitu di bawah ini akan kami jelaskan bentuk-bentuk negation, atau bentuk-bentuk bagaimana membentuk suatu pernyataan negatif.

1. Dengan Auxiliary Verbs

Ingat bahwa apabila kita sudah menggunakan Auxiliary verbs dalam kalimat negative, maka Kata kerja harus kembali ke bentuk semula.

Contoh:

· I didn’t understand what you mean. (BUKAN I din’t understood…)

· She can’t swim well.

· She doesn’t come today.

2. Dengan Menggunakan “No”

Kita bisa juga membentuk kalimat negatif dengan menggunakan “No“.

Contoh:

· I have no money. (ATAU I don’t have money)

· She has no any sugar. (ATAU she does not have any sugar)

Negative – Either Neither

Either or neither di gunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat negative.

[S1 + auxiliary not + V + O dan S2 + auxiliary not + either / neither

+ auxiliary + S2]

Neither = not either, oleh karenanya setelah auxiliary tidak, tidak disertai „not‟ lagi.

Example:

· They do not come late

· Brian does not come late

They do not come late and Brian does not either / neither does Brian

Kalimat pertanyaan pertama yang mengandung kata: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, few and little dianggap memiliki pengertian negative.

Example:

· I seldom visit my uncle, and neither does my sister

· I rarely visit my uncle, but my sister does.

Gabungan Setara

Bilamana kata „either‟ dan „neither‟ di ikuti oleh „or‟ dan „nor‟kata kerja/ auxiliarynya mungkin singular atau pun plural (jamak) bergantung pada kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟ apakah singular atau plural.

Kalaupun kata „or‟ atau „nor‟ berdiri sendiri, verb tetap di temukan oleh kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟.

Neither/

Either

….

Nor

Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary

Neither/

Either

+ Noun +

Nor

Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary

Noun +

Nor

+ Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary

Noun +

Nor

+ Plural noun + Plural verb/ Auxiliary

Neither John nor Bill is going to class today

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

Neither John nor his friends are going to class today

rarely, hardly, barely

Rarely adalah adverb of frequency yang menunjukkan intensitas waktu (how often) sedangkan hardly dan barely adalah adverb of measurement yang menujukkan ke tidakmampuan / kesulitan seseorang untukmelakukan sesuatu ketiganya mempunyai arti yang sama

Contoh

· Marti rarely drinks coffee (marti hampir tidak pernah minum kopi)

· Do yo hardly ever get sick (apakah kamu hampir tidak pernah jatuh sakit?)

· She barely knows how to read compass and map (dia tidak tau bagaimana membaca kompas dan peta)

ADJECTIVE

Pengertian Adjective

Adjective adalah suatu kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place (tempat), animal(binatang), maupun thing (benda, konsep abstrak). Kata sifat ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

Adjective Phrase dan Compound Adjective

Adjective mungkin berbentuk sederhana (dark, hot, young), atau berbentuk frasa. Frasa adjective, disebut adjective phrase, merupakan kombinasi dari adjective (sebagai head) dan modifier atau determiner.

Contoh Adjective Phrase:

· very dark chocolate

· many young married couple

Selain itu, dua adjective mungkin dapat bergabung untuk membentuk kata baru yang disebut compound adjective.

Contoh Compound Adjective:

· part-time jobs

· oil-free lotion

Adjective Position

Kata sifat mungkin menempati salah satu posisi:

· Attributive: diletakkan di depan noun (beautiful girls)

· Postpositive: dibelakang noun tanpa disela linking verb (someone special)

· Predicative: diletakkan setelah noun dengan disela linking verb (contoh kalimat: The lady is beautiful)

Adjective Order

Jika ada lebih dari satu adjective di depan noun, kita perlu mengikuti adjective order, yakni urutan adjective berdasarkan kategori: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose.

Contoh Adjective Order:

two happy small blue birds (opinion – size – color)

Adjective Degree

Untuk menyatakan perbandingan, dapat digunakan adjective dalam bentuk:

· positive degree: membandingkan kesetaraan (She is as good as you in math.)

· comparative degree: untuk membandingkan dua hal (Today should be better than yesterday.)

· superlative degree: untuk membandingkan tiga hal atau lebih (He was the best of all of us.)

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective, untuk menjelaskannoun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence.

Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause:

The student who always goes to school by bus is my friend.

Klause ini mungkin direduksi (dipersingkat) – reduced adjective clause – dengan menghilangkan relative pronoun dan mengubah kata kerja yang digunakan menjadi participle.

Contoh Kalimat Reduced Adjective Clause:

The student always going to school by bus is my friend.

Macam-Macam Adjective

· Stative dan Dynamic Adjective: stative mencirikan kondisi yang cenderung permanen (small, black, tall), sedangkan dynamic berhubungan dengan tingkah laku (foolish, friendly, playful).

· Inherent dan Non-Inherent Adjective: inherent mencirikan secara langsung noun yang diterangkannya (someone special = special mencirikan someone secara langsung ~ someone who is special), sedangkan non-inherent kebalikannya (my old friend = bukan “my friend who is old”, melainkan old mencirikan friendship yang telah berlangsung lama).

PILPRES (PEOPLE, CAMPAIGN, AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION)

Indonesia is one of the five largest countries in the world adherents of democracy. As a democratic country, the people of Indonesia have an important contribution in the implementation of government, directly or indirectly. One of the main roles of the people are determining the president which is implemented in every five years through a general election.

Before the implementation of the general election, the candidates for president and vice president and also their respective teams implement successful campaigns to attract the interest and support of the people in the country as much as possible. This is also done in this year's general election to be held on July 9, 2014.

Besides to gain as much support from the people, the campaign was carried out with the purpose to deliver the vision and mission of the presidential candidates during the next five years if a candidate has been elected to be a president. It is certainly makes it easy for people to be more intelligent to consider and determine the presidential candidates and vice-president of Indonesia according to the circumstances and the vision and mission of each candidate.

Unfortunately, we found oftenly that the campaigns are not appropriate and not factual which are spreads in various media both electronic media and print media. This campaign is often referred as a black campaign. This campaign was carried out to bring down the opponent candidate in gaining popular support. Whereas, the campaign should be done with a sportif and positive ways without dropped the opponent candidates by spreads the issues which is not accordance. This situation makes people often don’t receive appropriate informations.If the people do not have a good political education, it will bring a lot of detrimental impact out to the country for five years latercause a mistake in choosing a president. In addition, the negative issues which are spreads about the candidates of president can make the people get confused to decide their choices, so people often act to not choose any candidate. The voting rights that are not used can be abused by irresponsible parties. Therefore, the presidential campaign should be done in ways that positively and closely monitored by the relevant authorities such as the National Election Commission. This institution called Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) in Indonesia. Thus, if there is violation in the election of the president especially in the ways of campaign, the parties which is violate will get the sanction. In this way, people can also determine the feasible and appropriate candidates of the president for Indonesia five years later.

Passive Voice, Causative Verb & Relative Pronouns

Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif)

Kalimat pasif adalah suatu kalimat dimana subjek dikenai tindakan/pekerjaan/perbuatan, berkebalikan dengan kalimat aktif dimana subjeklah yang melakukan tindakan.

1. Simple Present Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan (habitual action) atau kegiatan yang terjadi secara berulang-ulang dan atau terus menerus pada waktu sekarang.

Ø Formula

Active : S + Verb-1 + O

Passive : S + is/are/am + Verb-3 + By O

Ø Example

A : I help him to bring the books

P : He is helped to bring the books

2. Simple Past Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan, peristiwa, atau kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan biasanya tense ini disertai dengan penanda waktu yang jelas.

Ø Formula

Active : S + Verb-2 + O

Passive : S + was/were + Verb-3

Ø Example

A : I helped him to read yesterday

P : He was helped to read (by me) yesterday

3. Present Continuous

Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan peristiwa atau kegiatan yang sedang terjadi saat pembicaraan berlangsung.

Ø Formula

Active : S + is/are/am + Verb-Ing + O

Passive : S + is/are/am + Being + Verb-3 + By O

Ø Example

A : I am helping him to bring the books

P : He is being helped to bring the books

4. Simple Future

Digunakan untuk menanyakan kegiatan, peristiwa atau kejadian yang akan terjadi. Penanda waktunya misa tomorrow (besok), next week (minggu depan), dll.

Ø Formula

Active : S + Will + Verb-1 + O

Passive : S + Will be + Verb-3

Ø Example

A : I will help me to read to night

P : He will be helped to read to night

5. Present Perfect Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan, peristiwa atu kejadian yang telah terjadi saat sekarang tapi tidak diketahui dengan pasti waktunya.

Ø Formula

Active : S + Have/Has + Verb-3 + O

Passive : S + Have/Has + Been + Verb-3

Ø Example

A : I have helped him to bring the books

P : He has been helped to bring the books (by me)

Causative Verb

Causative verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukan bahwa subject tidak bertanggungjawab langsung terhadap aksi yang terjadi melainkan seseorang atau sesuatu yang lain yang melakukan aksi tersebut.

1. Let, fungsingnya membiarkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu formulanya S + Let + agent + action verb. Example: My father lets me choose my own future carrier.

2. Make, fungsinya memaksa atau sangat meyakinkan seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu, formulanya S + (make-made) + agent + action verb (bare invinitive). Example: the women made her daughter eat up the tomatos.

3. Have, funsinya menginginkan seseorang mengerjakan sesuatu untuk subjek, formulanya S + (have/had) + agent + action verb (bare invinitive) + O. Example: Mahes had her friend take her result test.

4. Get, fungsinya mirip dengan have namun dengan struktur kalimat yang berbeda, formulanya S + (get/got) + agent + action verb (to invinitive) + O. Example: she got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.

Relative Pronouns

Relative pronoun adalah kata gant untuk membentuk relative clause yang menerangkan noun pada main clause suatu complex sentence.di dalam relative clause, relative pronoun dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek, objek, atau possessive dimana pada kata ganti ini tidak ada perbedaan number maupun gender. Kata ganti ini meliputi: who, whom, whose, which, dan that

Example:

Ø Who (the boy who is playing football on the yard is my neighbor)

Ø Which (the table which was made of oak wood has broken)

Ø Whose (the women whose car I want to buy is my old friend)

Ø Whom (she is the woman to whom you should ask)

Ø That (cats that live in the wild may have a better immune system)

Trisna Setiawan

Negative – Either Neither, rarely, hardly, barely

ADJECTIVE

PILPRES (PEOPLE, CAMPAIGN, AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION)

Passive Voice, Causative Verb & Relative Pronouns

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