ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify
·
another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How
slowly did she move?)
As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what
conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly;
however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an
adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a
word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly,
neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:
·
That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.
If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb
(modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an Adverb Clause:
·
When this class is over, we're going to the movies.
When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as
an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time,
modifying the verb):
·
He went to the movies.
·
She works on holidays.
·
They lived in Canada during the war.
·
She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.
·
The senator ran to catch the bus.
But there are other
kinds of adverbial phrases:
·
He calls his
mother as often as possible.
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Adverbs
can modify adjectives,
but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus we would say that "the
students showed a really wonderful attitude" and that "the
students showed a wonderfully casual attitude" and that "my
professor is really tall, but not "He ran real
fast."
Like
adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree.
·
Walk faster if
you want to keep up with me.
·
The student who
reads fastest will finish first.
We
often use more and most, less and least to
show degree with adverbs:
·
With sneakers on, she
could move more quickly among the patients.
·
The flowers were
the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever seen.
·
She worked less
confidently after her accident.
·
That was the least
skillfully done performance I've seen in years.
The as
— as construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or
equality: "He can't run as fast as his sister."
A
handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and
one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two forms have different meanings:
·
He arrived late.
·
Lately, he couldn't
seem to be on time for anything.
In most cases,
however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved
for casual situations:
·
She certainly
drives slow in that old Buick of hers.
·
He did wrong by
her.
·
He spoke sharp,
quick, and to the point.
Adverbs
often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser
emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to have three different functions:
they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some examples:
·
Emphasizers:
o
I really don't
believe him.
o
He literally wrecked
his mother's car.
o
She simply ignored
me.
o
They're going to be
late, for sure.
·
Amplifiers:
o
The teacher completely rejected
her proposal.
o
I absolutely refuse
to attend any more faculty meetings.
o
They heartily endorsed
the new restaurant.
o
I so wanted
to go with them.
o
We know this
city well.
·
Downtoners:
o
I kind of like
this college.
o
Joe sort of felt
betrayed by his sister.
o
His mother mildly disapproved
his actions.
o
We can improve on
this to some extent.
o
The boss almost quit
after that.
o
The school was all
but ruined by the storm.
Adverbs
(as well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by
premodifiers:
·
She runs very fast.
·
We're going to run
out of material all the faster
00.35 | | 0 Comments
Negative – Either Neither, rarely, hardly, barely
Pengertian Negation
Negation adalah bentuk pernyataan negatif. Kita tahu betul bahwa untuk
membentuk kalimat negatif ada beberapa cara, namun begitu di bawah ini akan
kami jelaskan bentuk-bentuk negation, atau bentuk-bentuk bagaimana membentuk
suatu pernyataan negatif.
1.
Dengan Auxiliary Verbs
Ingat bahwa apabila kita sudah
menggunakan Auxiliary verbs dalam kalimat negative, maka Kata kerja harus
kembali ke bentuk semula.
Contoh:
·
I didn’t understand what you
mean. (BUKAN I din’t understood…)
·
She can’t swim well.
·
She doesn’t come today.
2. Dengan Menggunakan “No”
Kita bisa juga membentuk kalimat negatif dengan menggunakan “No“.
Contoh:
·
I have no money. (ATAU I don’t have money)
·
She has no any sugar. (ATAU she does not have any sugar)
Negative – Either Neither
Either or neither di gunakan
untuk menggabungkan kalimat negative.
[S1 + auxiliary not + V + O dan
S2 + auxiliary not + either / neither
+ auxiliary + S2]
Neither = not either, oleh
karenanya setelah auxiliary tidak, tidak disertai „not‟ lagi.
Example:
·
They do not come late
·
Brian does not come late
They do not come late and Brian
does not either / neither does Brian
Kalimat pertanyaan pertama yang
mengandung kata: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, few and little dianggap
memiliki pengertian negative.
Example:
·
I seldom visit my uncle, and neither does my sister
·
I rarely visit my uncle, but my sister does.
Gabungan Setara
Bilamana kata „either‟ dan „neither‟ di ikuti oleh „or‟ dan „nor‟kata kerja/ auxiliarynya mungkin
singular atau pun plural (jamak) bergantung pada kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟ apakah singular atau
plural.
Kalaupun kata „or‟ atau „nor‟ berdiri sendiri, verb tetap di temukan oleh kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟.
Neither/
Either
….
Nor
or
Singular noun + singular verb/
auxiliary
Neither/
Either
+ Noun +
Nor
Or
Singular noun + singular verb/
auxiliary
Noun +
Nor
Or
+ Singular noun + singular verb/
auxiliary
Noun +
Nor
Or
+ Plural noun + Plural verb/
Auxiliary
Neither John nor Bill is going to
class today
Either John or Bill is going to
the beach today.
Neither John nor his friends are
going to class today
rarely, hardly, barely
Rarely adalah adverb of frequency yang menunjukkan intensitas waktu (how
often) sedangkan hardly dan barely adalah adverb of measurement yang menujukkan
ke tidakmampuan / kesulitan seseorang untukmelakukan sesuatu ketiganya
mempunyai arti yang sama
Contoh
·
Marti rarely drinks coffee (marti hampir tidak pernah
minum kopi)
·
Do yo hardly ever get sick (apakah kamu hampir tidak
pernah jatuh sakit?)
·
She barely knows how to read compass and map (dia tidak
tau bagaimana membaca kompas dan peta)
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